Flaneurs are group of idlers, the urban explorers, and the connoisseurs of the street. The freedom of flaneurs makes them the best protagonists for various novels set in different cities: Raskonikov and Sonya in Crime and Punishment by Russian writer Fydor Dostoyevky, Madame Jules in Farragus by French writer Honore de Balzac, Galip in The Black Book by Turkish writer Orphan Parmuk, and Rassoul in A Curse on Dostoyevsky by Afghani writer Atiq Rahami, Their freedom to explore the cities grants them the privileges to observe the city from different perspectives. Their close relationship with the cities allows them to generate insightful speculations about the surroundings. Moreover, the cities not only provide historical context for the writers to construct the novels, but also offer physical places for the flaneurs to explore. The interaction between flaneurs and the cities are determined by the place and time in which they live.
Machine Right and Its Related Ethics Rules
In the popular science fiction movie, The Matrix by Zach Staenberg, it depicts the world where human beings are subdued by machines.
Actually, this is not the only movie that describes such future enhanced by technology. With the rapid development of science and technology, artificial intelligence becomes a heatedly-debated term. The continuous triumph of Alpha Go, the artificial intelligence(AI) machine that beat world champions of board game Go, once again implies the possible future which may coincide with what happen in the movies. Currently, AI is merely used on algorithm-based for prediction or calculation. However, in the coming decades, AI machine may be fully developed as intelligent as human beings. This paper will discuss the necessity of ethics rules imposed on AI machines based on the assumption that AI can be as intelligent as and will not exceed the intelligence possessed by human beings. Since AI machines cannot self-develop based on today’s technology, by applying right test, this paper will argue that AI machines deserve machine right if they’re constraint by ethics rules, the human or entity that owns the machine has the full responsibility for machine’s behavior. To justify this argument, this paper will use philosophical argument to prove its necessity. Furthermore, supported by virtual test, this paper will state that other social entities’ right, instead of being harmed by machine right, will actually be protected by upholding machine right. Although the application of standard ethics rules may still involve subjectivity, this the best approach that humans can take right now. After all, this paper will wrap up by adopting justice test to validate the fairness of such distribution of responsibility, and such distribution won’t change until the day when AI machines can actually think for themselves.